Arm protecting device

ABSTRACT

An arm protecting device comprises a flexible cushioning pad contoured to include a biceps portion, a forearm portion, and an intervening elbow portion which are generally in line longitudinally of the extent of a substantially straightened wearer&#39;&#39;s arm. There are two longitudinally spaced pad parts, one between the elbow portion and the biceps portion and the other between the elbow portion and the forearm portion, which spaced parts are of less lateral dimension than the biceps portion and the forearm portion. Relief spaces are provided between the elbow portion and the biceps and forearm portions, respectively, adapting the three portions to be fitted in place on a wearer&#39;&#39;s arm by securing means which shape and hold the pad in a wrappedaround condition.

United States Patent Lewis, Jr. et a1.

ARM PROTECTING DEVICE lnventors: Fielding H. Lewis, Jr., Towson;

William C. Crawford, Pasadena, both of Md.

Wm. T. Burnett & Co., Incorporated, Baltimore, Md.

Filed: Nov. 13, 1974 Appl. No.: 523,479

Assignee:

U.S. Cl. 2/16; 2/24; 2/267; 54/82; 128/89 R; 128/133; 128/165 Int. Cl.A41D 13/08 Field of Search 2/2, 16, 20, 24, 161 R, 2/l6l A, 167, 168,267, 268; 54/82; 128/87 R, 89 R, 90, 133, 165

7/1966 Daignault... 2/24 5/1969 Enicks 2/2 X 3,712,299 1/1973 Voehl 2/24X Primary liraminer-Thomas F. Callaghan Assistant Examiner-Moshe 1.Cohen Attorney, Agent, or FirmBaldwin, Wight & Brown ABSTRACT An armprotecting device comprises a flexible cushioning pad contoured toinclude a biceps portion, a forearm portion, and an intervening elbowportion which are generally in line longitudinally of the extent of asubstantially straightened wearers arm. There are two longitudinallyspaced pad parts, one between the elbow portion and the biceps portionand the other between the elbow portion and the forearm portion, whichspaced parts are of less lateral dimension than the biceps portion andthe forearm portion. Relief spaces are provided between the elbowportion and the biceps and forearm portions, respectively, adapting thethree portions to be fitted in place on a wearers arm by securing meanswhich shape and hold the pad in a wrapped-around condition.

23 Claims, 5 Drawing Figures U.S. Patent Oct. 14,1975 Sheet 1of2 Oct.14, 1975 Sheet 2 of 2 3,911,497

U.S. Patent ARM PROTECTING DEVICE This invention relates generally tonew and useful im provements in protective arm pad devices, especiallyfor use in sports. The invention was made having in mind particularlyproviding protection for lacrosse players, but is of more generalapplication in connection with sports involving bodily contact.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In many athletic sports, players aresubjected to body contact either with other players or with gameequipment, such as lacrosse sticks. The prior art has pro vided variouskinds of arm protective devices which may be used in such sports.Examples are to be found in the patents to Sotherlin U.S. Pat. No.3,322,118 and Enicks U.S. Pat. No. 3,446,880, which disclose armprotective devices intended to protect the wearers elbow and portions ofthe wearers biceps andforearm. The Sotherlin patent discloses a rubberpad for protecting the elbow point. The Enicks patent discloses a padformed of plastisol provided with an outer skin. Various arm protectivedevices including some comprising a plurality of parts have beenproposed in the prior art. The prior art arm protective devices known tothe applicants are believed not to have all that is desired from thestandpoint of a balancing of the factors of light weight, ampleprotection of the biceps, forearm and elbow, resilience and flcxibilty,and adaptation to being fitted to an individual wearers arm, from thestandpoints of providing protection, comfort or feeling to the wearer,and minimum interference with free arm movement.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention seeks to provide an armprotecting device having improved qualities as to weight, protection ofthe biceps, forearm and elbow, resilience and flexibility, allowingrelatively free arm movement, and ease of fitting to the individualwearers arm. A general object of the invention is to provide such animproved arm protective device comprising a flexible, resilient,cushioning pad which is so contoured or shaped as to be capable of beingwrapped around a wearers arm and fitted with considerable individualityrespectively to the biceps, forearm and elbow.

Another object of the invention is to provide an arm protective deviceincluding a flexible pad which may be flattened out relatively in anon-use position and which includes an elbow portion intervening betweenand connecting a forearm portion and a biceps portion, the pad havingtwo longitudinally spaced parts between the elbow portion and the bicepsand forearm portions, respectively. which are of less lateral extentthan the biceps and forearm portions, the pad parts of less lateralextent contributing to the capability of the biceps, forearm, and elbowportions being shaped individually to the arm.

Further objects of the invention will be apparent from a reading of thefollowing description, the claims, and the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the drawings: FIG. 1 is aperspective view of an arm protective device embodying the invention,shown formed substantially as it would be when applied to the arm of awearer;

FIG. 2 is a plan view of a pad which is part of the device, shownflattened out;

FIG. 3 is a cross-section on the line 33 of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the device in place on a wearers arm,straightened out; and

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the device in place on a wearers arm,bent at the elbow.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The embodiment shown in the drawings forillustrating a preferred form of invention comprises a unitary pad P offlexible resilient material which may be deformed from its relativelyflattened-out, non-use condition shown in FIG. 2 to the relativelywrapped-around positions shown in FIG. 4 and 5 in use as applied to awearers arm, and means, generally designated SMl, SM2, 5M3, SM4 and SM5,for shaping the pad to conform substantially to the wearers arm.

The pad P comprises a relatively thick body or core C of flexible,resilient, cushion material and a relatively thin coating or skin S(indicated in FIG. 3) which is preferably relatively smooth as comparedto the material of the core C were it not covered by the skin S. Apresently preferred material C comprises a closed cell rubber, and theskin S may comprise closed cell polyvinyl chloride material the cells ofwhich are more closed than those of the core C. The skin may be appliedto the core by dipping the latter in the skin material, the skinthereafter being cured to provide a smooth surface for the pad. The coreC desirably has a compression deflection of 48 p.s.i. (ASTM D-l056-68),a density range (PC F) average 5l0, a water absorption range up to 10%maximum by weight, a compression set of 50% (average) in a test sampleone-half inch thick compressed 22 hours at F. with a recovery of 15-25%in 24 hours. Linear shrinkage is a maximum of 5% when aged 7 days at158F. The aforesaid properties are retained under relatively sustainedtemperature exposure from 20F. to F. and under intermittent shortexposure to 200F. A suitable and presently preferred material is closedcell rubber R-3l0-V dip coated with vinyl SBE-4l-42, a polyvinylchloride, pro vided by Rubatex Corporation Division of GroendrykManufacturing Company, Incorporated, of Buchanan,

Virginia.

Dimensions of the pad may vary according to different arm sizes. In atypical pad, the thickness is one-half inch and the maximum longitudinaldimension is ap proximately 17 inches. Generally, the same thickness maybe employed for pads of somewhat different lengths.

Referring particularly to FIG. 2 which shows the pad P in its flattenednon-use condition, the pad comprises three main portions longitudinallygenerally in line with each other, namely a biceps portion BP, a forearmportion FF and an elbow portion EP, all formed integrally and of lateraland longitudinal extents sufficient partially to encompass a wearersarm. The flattened-out pad P is contoured in outline to enable thebiceps por tion BP, the forearm portion FP and the elbow portion EP tobe shaped in place separately to a wearers biceps, forearm and elbow,respectively. The elbow portion EP is constituted by a main or centralpart EP] and two ears EPZ and EP3 of modified triangular shapeprojecting outwardly from the central part EPl, the ear EP2 being longerthan, that is it extends laterally out.- wardly more than, the ear EP3.The biceps portion has two lateral edge parts or portions BP] and BP2.The forearm portion FF is shown as and may usually be substantially amirror image of the biceps portion BP.

The elbow portion generally designated EP intervenes between the bicepsportion BP and the forearm portion FF, and the ears EP2 and EP3 extendoppositely outwardly from the laterally opposite sides of the centralpart EPl of the elbow portion EP.

Relief spaces R1, R1 in the periphery of the pad intervene between theear EP2 and the laterally extending side parts BPl and PM of the bicepsportion BP and the forearm portion FP, respectively. The relief spacesR1 facilitate separate or more or less individual shaping of thelaterally extending parts BPl and FF] and the ear EP2 to differentportions of a wearers arm when applied. Thus, each part BPl and FPl andthe ear EP2 may be deformed differently from the deforming of the othertwo of these parts according to the configuration of the wearers arm andthe wearers individual preference as to fit, having regard both tocomfort and to secureness in place.

Along the other longitudinal side and in the periphery of the pad arerelief spaces R2, R2 between the ear EP3 and lateral side edge parts BP2and FP2 of the bicepsportion BP and the forearm portion FP,respectively. The ear EP3 is somewhat shorter laterally and more narrowlongitudinally of the pad than the ear EP2. The relief spaces R2 areconvergingly narrower from the outer end of the ear EP3 toward thecentral part EPI of the elbow portion EP and terminate in roots RO whichare wider than the narrowmost parts of these relief spaces. The widerroots cause more efficient distribution of stress in the pad materialwhen the parts BP2 and FP2 and the ear EP3 are curved or otherwiseformed to different extents when beingapplied toa wearers arm, thusinhibiting splitting or other fail ure of the pad material adjacent therelief spaces R2, R2.

As may be seen in FIG. 2, the pad P, formed as outlined above, includestwo longitudinally spaced pad parts (unnumbered) which are locatedbetween and merge with the elbow portion EP and the biceps and forearmportions BP and PP, respectively, these pad parts being of less lateralextents than the biceps portion EP, the forearm portion PP and the elbowportion EP considered in it entirety as including the central part EP!and the ears EP2 and EP3. These two pad parts of less lateral extentscontribute to the ease of shaping the portions BP, FF and EP to fit thewearers arm.

As shown in FIG. 2, center lines CL'of the biceps portion BP and theforearm portion FP intersect within the central part EPl of the elbowportion EP at an obtuse angle a.

Reference will now be made to the shaping and securing of the padportions BP, FF and EP to the wearers arm. Desirably, separate shapingand securing means are provided for use in connection with the padportions BP, PP and EP. In the form shown separate straps SMl-SM5, whichadvantageously may be elastic, are provided.

The pad biceps portion BP is formed with four slits, two being near thefree end of the portion BP, and the other two 11 being adjacent themerging of the portion BP with the elbow portion EP. The elastic strapsSM] and SM2 are threaded through the slits 10 and 11, respectively, andextend across that face of the pad which is to be positioned next to thewearers arm. The straps SMl and SM2 are looped from the opposite face ofthe pad with their ends being closed adjustably by double ring typebuckles or fasteners 12 of a known kind. Both rings of each fastener 12are attached at 13 to one of the associated strap ends, the other strapend being passed through both rings and returned to extend under oneonly of the pair of rings. The length of the.

looped straps may thus be adjusted by manipulation of the strap freeends in the rings in a well known manner. In this way, the bicepsportion BP may be shaped readily to conform to the wearers biceps.

The forearm portion FF is formed with slits 10 and 11 positionedrelatively to the portion .F P similarly to the positioning of the slitsl0 and 11 in the biceps portion BP. The straps SM4 and SMS are extendedthrough the slits l1 and 10, respectively, and are arranged in loop formsimilarly to the straps SMl and SM2 as described above, again doublering fasteners 12 being provided.

The securing strap SM3 for the elbow portion EP does not pass completelyaround the pad so itself to constitute a complete loop. Instead, itextends across and spaced from that face of the pad which is to be nextto the wearers arm, and its ends extend only against the edge portionsof the opposite face of the pad and thence through slits l4, 14 shown inFIG, 1. The ends of the strap SM3 are formed in the shape of a T. Toinsert the strap SM3 in the slits 14, either one of the T- shaped endsis flexed to align the cross of the T with the slit 14, enabling thestrap to be inserted through both slits and placed in the position shownin FIG. 1. The initially inserted T=end of the strap is then restored tothe transverse position shown in FIG. 1 so that the strap SM3 isrelatively permanently attached to the ear portions EP2 and EP3 of theelbow portion EP.

To apply the arm protective device to a wearers arm, the straps SMl,SM2, SM4 and SMS with discontinuous ends may be loosened. The wearersarm is then extended lengthwise through the looped straps SMl, SM2, SM4and SMS and between the strap SM3 and the elbow portion EP. Then thestraps 8M1, SM2, SM4 and SMS are adjusted so as to conform the bicepsportion BP and the forearm portion FP to the wearers biceps and forearm,respectively. If desired, the straps held in loop form by the buckles12, or some of those straps, may be disconnected by the buckles so as toassist in applying the pad to the wearers arm.

The pad P is shown provided with ventilating holes V. The pad core C maybe die cut to its outline and to form the slits 10, 11 and 14 and theholes V, and the skin S then applied as described above to cover thewalls of the slits and the ventilating holes as well as the coresurfaces.

As stated above, a typical pad of one-half inch thickness has a maximumlongitudinal dimension of approximately 17 inches. In such a pad, themaximum transverse width of either or both of the biceps portion BP andthe forearm portion FP is approximately 6 /2 inches, and the tip-to-tiptransverse width of the elbow portion is approximately 9 /2 inches. Inlarger or smaller pads, the dimensions would be substantially in thesame proportions.

A device according to the invention is light and readily adjusted to theindividual wearer, both from the standpoint of comfort of fit and thestandpoint of providing good protection against blows which maybeencountered in sports, particularly in sports involving contact such aslacrosse. At the same time, the pad is so conformable to the wearers armas to protect a maximum area of the arm with a minimum of interference,with free arm action. Thus, the reduced lateral extent of the centralpart B?! of the elbow portion EP taken in connection with the reducedareas of the ears EPZ and EP3 minimizes interference with bending of thewearer's elbow while at the same time providing the necessary protectionof the elbow point. In the illustrative embodiment, the pad issymmetrical from end-toend. By having it substantially symmetrical, itis equally applicable to a right or a left arm by being reversedend-to-cnd.

The arm protective device shown embodies the invention in a preferredform, but the disclosure is intended to be illustrative rather thandefinitive.

We claim:

1. An arm protecting device comprising a flexible cushioning padincluding a biceps portion, a forearm portion and an intervening elbowportion connecting' the biceps and forearm portions, there being reliefspaces in the periphery between said elbow portion and the biceps andforearm portions, respectively, for enabling the three said portions tobe shaped in place on a wearers arm to conform substantially to thewearers biceps, forearm and elbow, respectively, and securing means forshaping said portions to the wearers arm as aforesaid and securing saidpad in place on the wearers arm.

2. An arm protecting device according to claim 1 in which saidcushioning pad comprises a body of flexible, resilient material having arelatively smooth coating of flexible material.

3. An arm protecting device according to claim 2 in which said body isclosed cell rubber and said coating is closed cell polyvinyl chloride.

4. An arm protecting device according to claim 1 in which the three saidportions extend longitudinally generally in line with each other andhave lateral extents sufficient partially to encompass a wearers arm,and in which said elbow portion comprises a central part merging withsaid biceps portion and said forearm portion, respectively, and two earsextending outwardly from the laterally opposite sides of said centralpart with said relief spaces being between said ears and lateral sideparts of said biceps and forearm portions, respectively, whereby saidears and thus said elbow portion may be conformed to fit at leastpartially around the elbow area of the wearer and said biceps andforearm portions may be conformed separately to fit at least partiallyaround the wearers biceps and forearm, respectively.

5. An arm protecting device according to claim 4 in which said ears areof modified triangular shape.

6. An arm protecting device according to claim 4 in which one of saidears is of greater extent laterally of said pad than the other of saidears.

7. An arm protecting device according to claim 5 in which one of saidcars is of greater extent laterally of said pad than the other of saidears.

8. An arm protecting device according to claim 1 in which said securingmeans comprise separate armembracing strap means connected,respectively, to said three portions.

; bicepsportion and to said forearm portion are discontinuouswithseparate end portions and are provided with fasteners for adjustablyconnecting said end portions together to form arm embracing straps ofselected lengths according to the dimensions of the wearers 1 10. An armprotecting device according to claim 9 in which the strap meansconnected to said elbow portion has ends relatively permanentlyconnected to said elbow portion to extend from one lateral edge thereofto the other lateral edge thereof, requiring a wearers arm to beinserted longitudinally between said elbow portion and its associatedstrap means.

11. An arm protecting device comprising a unitary flexible cushioningpad including a biceps portion, a forearm portion and an interveningelbow portion, said portions being generally in line longitudinally ofthe extent of a substantially straightened wearers arm to which said padis to be applied, there being two longitudinally spaced pad partsbetween said elbow portion and said biceps and forearm portions,respectively, which pad parts are of less lateral dimension than saidbiceps and forearm portions.

12. An arm protecting device according to claim 11 including securingmeans for shaping said portions individually in place on a wearers armto conform substantially to the wearers biceps, forearm and elbow,respectively, and for holding said pad in place on the wearers arm.

13. An arm protecting device according to claim 11 in which saidcushioning pad comprises a body of flexible resilient material having arelatively smooth coating of flexible material.

14. An arm protecting pad of flexible cushioning material of sufficientlongitudinal and lateral extents to embrace partially a wearers biceps,forearm and elbow and being formable from a relatively flattened non-usecondition to a wrapped-around condition when applied to a wearers arm,said pad comprising a biceps portion, a forearm portion and anintervening elbow portion, center lines of said biceps portion and saidforearm portion intersecting within said elbow portion at an obtuseangle to each other when said pad is in its relatively flattened non-usecondition.

15. An arm protecting pad according to claim 14 in which there arerelief spaces in the periphery between said elbow portion and saidbiceps and forearm portions, respectively, for enabling the three saidportions to be shaped in place in said wrapped-around condition whenapplied to the wearers arm.

16. An arm protecting pad according to claim 15 in which said elbowportion comprises a central part merging with said biceps portion andsaid forearm portion, respectively, and two ears which extend outwardlyfrom said central part, at least one of said ears extending between twoof said relief spaces, whereby said elbow portion may be formed to saidwrapped-around condition differently from the formation of said bicepsportion and said forearm portion to said wrappedaround condition.

17. An arm protecting pad according to claim 16 in which said ears .areof modified triangular shape.

18. An arm protecting pad according to claim 16 in which one of saidears is longer than the other of said ears.

19. An arm protecting pad according to claim 16 in which the reliefspaces at oppositesides of said one of said ears areconvcrginglynarrower from the outer end of that ear toward said centralpart of said elbowv portion and terminate in roots which are widerthamthe narrowmost parts of those relief spaccs.

20.v Anarm protecting pad according to claim 14 in which said padcomprises a relatively thick body of flexible, resilient material and arelatively thin and smooth coating.

21. An arm protecting pad according to claim 14 in which said bicepsportion and said forearm portion are substantially mirror images of eachother.

22. An arm protecting pad according to claim 14 comprising a core ofclosed cell rubber having a compression deflection of approximately 4-8p.s.i. (ASTM D-l056-68) and a compression set of 50% (average) in a testsample onehalf inch thick compressed at 22 hours at 70F. with a recoveryof 15-25% in 24' hours; and a skin coating of closed cell polyvinylchloride matcrial inches.

1. An arm protecting device comprising a flexible cushioning padincluding a biceps portion, a forearm portion and an intervening elbowportion connecting the biceps and forearm portions, there being reliefspaces in the periphery between said elbow portion and the biceps andforearm portions, respectively, for enabling the three said portions tobe shaped in place on a wearer''s arm to conform substantially to thewearer''s biceps, forearm and elbow, respectively, and securing meansfor shaping said portions to the wearer''s arm as aforesaid and securingsaid pad in place on the wearer''s arm.
 2. An arm protecting deviceaccording to claim 1 in which said cushioning pad comprises a body offlexible, resilient material having a relatively smooth coating offlexible material.
 3. An arm protecting device according to claim 2 inwhich said body is closed cell rubber and said coating is closed cellpolyvinyl chloride.
 4. An arm protecting device according to claim 1 inwhich the three said portions extend longitudinally generally in linewith each other and have lateral extents sufficient partially toencompass a wearer''s arm, and in which said elbow portion comprises acentral part merging with said biceps portion and said forearm portion,respectively, and two ears extending outwardly from the laterallyopposite sides of said central part with said relief spaces beingbetween said ears and lateral side parts of said biceps and forearmportions, respectively, whereby said ears and thus said elbow portionmay be conformed to fit at least partially around the elbow area of thewearer and said biceps and forearm portions may be conformed separatelyto fit at least partially around the wearer''s biceps and forearm,respectively.
 5. An arm protecting device according to claim 4 in whichsaid ears are of modified triangular shape.
 6. An arm protecting deviceaccording to claim 4 in which one of said ears is of greater extentlaterally of said pad than the other of said ears.
 7. An arm protectingdevice according to claim 5 in which one of said ears is of greaterextent laterally of said pad than the other of said ears.
 8. An armprotecting device according to claim 1 in which said securing meanscomprise separate arm-embracing strap means connected, respectively, tosaid three portions.
 9. An arm protecting device according to claim 8 inwhich the strap means connected respectively to said biceps portion andto said forearm portion are discontinuous with separate end portions andare provided with fasteners for adjustably connecting said end portionstogether to form arm embracing straps of selected lengths according tothe dimensions of the wearer''s arm.
 10. An arm protecting deviceaccording to claim 9 in which the strap means connected to said elbowportion has ends relatively permanently connected to said elbow portionto extend from one lateral edge thereof to the other lateral edgethereof, requiring a wearer''s arm to be inserted longitudinally betweensaid elbow portion and its associated strap means.
 11. An arm protectingdevice comprising a unitary flexible cushioning pad including a bicepsportion, a forearm portion and an intervening elbow portion, saidportions being generally in line longitudinally of the extent of asubstantially straightened wearer''s arm to which said pad is to beapplied, there being two longitudinally spaced pad parts between saidelbow portion and said biceps and forearm portions, respectively, whichpad parts are of less lateral dimension than said biceps and forearmportions.
 12. An arm protecting device according to claim 11 includingsecuring means for shaping said portions individually in place on awearer''s arm to conform substantially to the wearer''s biceps, forearmAnd elbow, respectively, and for holding said pad in place on thewearer''s arm.
 13. An arm protecting device according to claim 11 inwhich said cushioning pad comprises a body of flexible resilientmaterial having a relatively smooth coating of flexible material.
 14. Anarm protecting pad of flexible cushioning material of sufficientlongitudinal and lateral extents to embrace partially a wearer''sbiceps, forearm and elbow and being formable from a relatively flattenednon-use condition to a wrapped-around condition when applied to awearer''s arm, said pad comprising a biceps portion, a forearm portionand an intervening elbow portion, center lines of said biceps portionand said forearm portion intersecting within said elbow portion at anobtuse angle to each other when said pad is in its relatively flattenednon-use condition.
 15. An arm protecting pad according to claim 14 inwhich there are relief spaces in the periphery between said elbowportion and said biceps and forearm portions, respectively, for enablingthe three said portions to be shaped in place in said wrapped-aroundcondition when applied to the wearer''s arm.
 16. An arm protecting padaccording to claim 15 in which said elbow portion comprises a centralpart merging with said biceps portion and said forearm portion,respectively, and two ears which extend outwardly from said centralpart, at least one of said ears extending between two of said reliefspaces, whereby said elbow portion may be formed to said wrapped-aroundcondition differently from the formation of said biceps portion and saidforearm portion to said wrapped-around condition.
 17. An arm protectingpad according to claim 16 in which said ears are of modified triangularshape.
 18. An arm protecting pad according to claim 16 in which one ofsaid ears is longer than the other of said ears.
 19. An arm protectingpad according to claim 16 in which the relief spaces at opposite sidesof said one of said ears are convergingly narrower from the outer end ofthat ear toward said central part of said elbow portion and terminate inroots which are wider than the narrowmost parts of those relief spaces.20. An arm protecting pad according to claim 14 in which said padcomprises a relatively thick body of flexible, resilient material and arelatively thin and smooth coating.
 21. An arm protecting pad accordingto claim 14 in which said biceps portion and said forearm portion aresubstantially mirror images of each other.
 22. An arm protecting padaccording to claim 14 comprising a core of closed cell rubber having acompression deflection of approximately 4-8 p.s.i. (ASTM D-1056-68) anda compression set of 50% (average) in a test sample one-half inch thickcompressed at 22 hours at 70*F. with a recovery of 15-25% in 24 hours;and a skin coating of closed cell polyvinyl chloride material.
 23. Anarm protecting pad according to claim 14 having dimensions substantiallyin the proportions: overall longitudinal 17 inches, transverse width ofthe biceps portion and the forearm portion 6 1/2 inches, and tip-to-tiptransverse width of the elbow portion 9 1/2 inches.